1. The Cell Wall and the “Large or Charged” Rule

• Uncharged gases like oxygen ($\text{O}_2$) and carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) slip right through the wall without effort.
• Charged minerals (ions) like sodium ($\text{Na}^+$), potassium ($\text{K}^+$), and calcium ($\text{Ca}^{2+}$) are strictly blocked.

2. Going Downhill vs. Climbing Uphill

• Going Downhill (Passive Transport / Diffusion): When an ion channel opens, ions naturally flow from high concentration to low concentration. This costs zero energy—just like sitting at the top of a slide and letting gravity pull you down.
• Climbing Uphill (Active Transport): When a cell needs to push ions against their natural flow—from low concentration to high concentration—it has to fight nature. This is like climbing a steep ladder while carrying a heavy load. It requires physical effort and fuel in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency harvested from the food you eat and the oxygen you breathe.

  HIGH CONCENTRATION 

          \

           \  (Diffusion: Free Energy)

            \  "Going Down the Slide"

             v

  LOW CONCENTRATION

  ---------------------------------

  LOW CONCENTRATION

             ^

            /  (Active Transport: Costs ATP)

           /   "Climbing the Ladder"

          /

  HIGH CONCENTRATION

3. How the Pump Works: The 5-Step Mechanical Cycle

1. Locking onto Sodium: Pumping from inside the cell, the pump opens inward and grabs 3 sodium ions ($\text{Na}^+$).
2. Fueling the Spring: A packet of chemical fuel (ATP) attaches to the pump and breaks down, transferring a phosphate group to the protein.
3. Flipping Outward: This added energy acts like a spring latch releasing. The pump changes shape, flipping open to the outside of the cell and ejecting the 3 sodium ions into the surrounding fluid.
4. Grabbing Potassium: Now facing outward, the pump’s shape changes so it no longer fits sodium, but perfectly matches 2 potassium ions ($\text{K}^+$) from the outside.
5. Snapping Back Home: When 2 potassium ions land in their slots, the phosphate group falls off. Deprived of that extra energy, the pump snaps back to its original inward-facing shape, dropping the 2 potassium ions inside the cell.

       OUTSIDE THE CELL (Salty Sea)

            Na+   Na+   Na+  (3 Ejected Out)

        =================================== [Membrane]

            K+    K+         (2 Pulled In)

        INSIDE THE CELL (Potassium-Rich)

4. The Result: A Loaded Biological Battery

5. Why Does the Body Spend Energy Doing This?

A. Preventing the Cell from Swelling and Bursting

B. Powering Brain Signals and Thoughts

C. Regulating Heartbeats and Muscle Contraction

D. Giving Nutrients a “Piggyback” Ride

6. Why Dietary Potassium Matters

• The pump slows down, causing sodium to build up inside cells.
• Cells retain water and swell.
• Kidneys struggle to flush out excess salt, causing fluid volume in your blood vessels to rise—leading to high blood pressure (hypertension) and chronic fatigue.

Summary

1. Gut Bacteria Suitable for Fat Digestion

• Lactobacillaceae & Clostridiaceae: These families expand rapidly in the upper gastrointestinal tract in response to high-fat diets. They secrete lipid-modifying enzymes and interact with bile acids, influencing host lipid emulsification and transport (Small Intestinal Microbiota Regulate Digestive and Absorptive Adaptive Responses to Dietary Lipids).
• Bifidobacterium & Lactobacillus species: Convert dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into bioactive isomers such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), while aiding microbial lipases in dietary lipid processing (Microbial Interactions with Intestinal Lipid Digestion and Absorption).
• Bacteroides species (B. thetaiotaomicron): Process complex dietary phospholipids and host cell membrane lipids, modulating systemic sphingolipid pools.

2. Gut Bacteria Useful for Acid Reflux (GERD)

• Lactobacillus reuteri: Significantly accelerates gastric emptying time and improves stomach clearance (Role of Lactobacillus reuteri in Human Health and Diseases). Accelerating stomach clearance reduces intragastric pressure, minimizing transient relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that cause acid reflux.
• Lactobacillus gasseri (e.g., strain LG21): Helps reduce postprandial distress, heartburn frequency, and stomach discomfort by strengthening the protective gastric mucus barrier.
• Bifidobacterium lactis (e.g., strain HN019): Reduces colonic transit time and small intestinal gas formation. Reducing intra-abdominal bloating prevents physical pressure from forcing gastric contents upward into the esophagus.

3. What Happens When the Gallbladder Is Removed?

We’ve all been taught a simple rule about nutrition: white rice, pasta, and flatbreads are “fast carbs.” They hit your system, digest in a flash, spike your blood sugar, and leave you feeling hungry a few hours later.

But what if you could change the molecular structure of those exact same carbs, lowering their glycemic impact and reducing their absorbable calories—all without changing the ingredients?

It sounds like internet clickbait, but it is actually a beautifully elegant reality of food chemistry. By shifting your kitchen habits to a simple Cook, Cool, and Reheat method, you can transform rapidly digesting starches into something far friendlier to your metabolism: Resistant Starch.

Here is the breakdown of the hidden science lurking in your leftovers and how you can harness it to upgrade your health.

The Problem: The Standard Starch Spike

To understand the solution, we have to look at how regular starches behave in our bodies.

Foods like white rice, wheat flour (used in rotis and paranthas), and potatoes are packed with two types of starch molecules: amylose (long, straight chains) and amylopectin (highly branched chains).

When you cook these foods in boiling water or on a hot griddle (tawa), these starch chains absorb water and swell. This process is called gelatinization. It makes the food soft, fluffy, and delicious.

The downside? It also makes them incredibly easy for your body’s digestive enzymes (like amylase in your saliva and gut) to shred apart. The enzymes break the soft starch down into pure glucose almost instantly. This triggers:

• A sharp spike in blood sugar.

• A corresponding surge of insulin to clear that glucose.

• An inevitable energy crash that leaves you reaching for more food.

The Chemistry: Re-engineering the Molecules

So, how do we fix it? We use chemistry to build an enzyme-resistant fortress around those starch molecules. This relies on two distinct scientific steps.

Phase 1: Amylose-Lipid Complexation (The Fat Lock)

When you add a healthy fat—like coconut oil, ghee, or olive oil—directly into your cooking water or dough, you trigger amylose-lipid complexation.

As the straight-chained amylose molecules heat up and expand, the fatty acid chains from the oil slide perfectly inside them. This creates a tight bond that essentially “waterproofs” the starch, making it physically difficult for your digestive enzymes to attach to and break open later.

Phase 2: Retrogradation (The Crystal Freeze)

The real magic, however, happens when the temperature drops. When you take that cooked starch and place it in the refrigerator (ideally at around 4°C / 39°F) for 12 to 24 hours, a process called retrogradation takes place.

As the starch cools, the unwound amylose and amylopectin chains begin to move closer together. They form incredibly tight, orderly, and rigid hydrogen bonds, recrystallizing into a dense matrix known as Resistant Starch (RS).

The Biological Repercussions: What Changes Inside You?

Once your starch has been cooked, cooled, and transformed, it behaves entirely differently inside your digestive system.

It Bypasses the Small Intestine: Instead of dissolving into glucose in your small intestine, resistant starch travels completely untouched all the way to your large intestine (colon).

This shift triggers a cascade of incredible biological benefits:

• Fewer Calories Absorbed: Because you cannot digest resistant starch, it carries roughly half the calories of regular starch. Depending on the food and the fat used, this method can reduce the absorbable calories of a meal by 10% to 50%.

• A Flattened Glucose Curve: Because the remaining starches digest at a fraction of the speed, glucose enters your bloodstream as a slow, steady trickle rather than a sudden wave. No spike, no crash.

• A Feast for Your Microbiome: In your colon, resistant starch acts as a powerful prebiotic. Your beneficial gut bacteria ferment it, turning it into short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. Butyrate is the primary fuel source for your colon cells, heavily linked to reduced inflammation, improved gut barrier integrity, and better metabolic health.

How to Deal With It: The Blueprint for Your Kitchen

You do not need a laboratory to pull this off. You just need patience and a little bit of meal prep. Best of all, reheating the food does not destroy the resistant starch once it has formed.

Here is how to apply the hack across different staple foods:

The Golden Rule: Avoid the “Soggy Filling” Trap

While this trick works phenomenally well for pure starches (like rice, pasta, or plain layered paranthas), be mindful of stuffed foods like Aloo Paranthas. While the potato starch will become healthily resistant, the texture of a cooled and reheated potato stuffing can turn dense and gummy.

For stuffed flatbreads, you are better off stuffing them with high-protein, low-starch alternatives like paneer, gobi (cauliflower), or lentils (daal), which naturally keep your blood sugar low right from the start!

Change the Timeline, Change Your Health

The global spike in metabolic issues isn’t just about what we are eating; it’s about how rapidly our modern, highly processed food digests. By introducing fat, cooling our food overnight, and allowing chemistry to do the heavy lifting, we can reclaim our favorite comfort foods.

The next time you cook, don’t think about what you are eating tonight—think about what you are preparing for tomorrow. Your gut, your energy levels, and your blood sugar will thank you.

In the world of software engineering, we often focus on building things that work. But true resilience lies in designing systems that know how to fail safely. The internet is built on the assumption that components will inevitably break—databases will go offline, networks will drop packets, and servers will crash.

For a security architect, the question is not if your system will fail, but how it will fail. The answer must be: it must Fail Securely.

What is the “Fail Securely” Principle?

The principle of “Fail Securely” (or Fail Closed) dictates that in the event of an unexpected error, component failure, or system malfunction, the system should default to the most secure, restrictive state possible.

This usually means prioritizing Confidentiality and Integrity over Availability.

The Two Modes of Failure

To understand Fail Securely, you must contrast it with the dangerous alternative:

1. Fail Open (Insecure): The system defaults to allowing maximum access or functionality. If the security mechanism fails (e.g., the firewall dies, or the authentication service crashes), the system assumes everything is fine and lets everyone in. This maximizes availability but completely eliminates security.
2. Fail Securely (Fail Closed): The system defaults to blocking all access or functionality until the security mechanism is restored and can verify the legitimacy of the request. This sacrifices availability during the failure but guarantees that unauthorized access cannot occur.

The Rule: If a security check cannot be performed successfully, the action being requested must be denied.

Application Example: The Authentication Database Disconnect

Consider a modern web application with a secure login endpoint that relies on a central database to verify user credentials and roles.

Scenario: The Database Goes Offline

The application server loses its connection to the database where all user passwords and permissions are stored.

In the Fail Securely application, the application prefers to inconvenience the user rather than compromise the integrity or confidentiality of its data. Once the database connection is restored, authentication resumes seamlessly.

Why This Principle is Critical for Modern Systems

1. Zero Trust Compliance

The “Fail Securely” principle is a cornerstone of Zero Trust architecture. If a service cannot verify the identity, context, or integrity of a request (i.e., it can’t trust it), the default action is always Deny.

2. Protecting Sensitive Data

In complex systems involving Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), losing the authorization component is catastrophic. If the system cannot determine if a user is an

or a

, falling back to

privileges (Fail Open) would expose all sensitive data. Failing securely ensures the user gets zero access until their role is confirmed.

3. Mitigating Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks

While a DoS aims to reduce availability, a sophisticated attacker might attempt to crash a security service (like a firewall or authorization microservice) and then rely on the system to “Fail Open” to gain unauthorized entry. Designing the system to Fail Securely removes this attack vector entirely.

By embedding the Fail Securely mindset into every component—from input validation routines to network configuration—we build software that is inherently more resilient and trustworthy, even when the inevitable chaos of system failure occurs.

In the world of cybersecurity, there’s a common paradox: the biggest threats aren’t zero-day exploits (flaws no one knows about), but known vulnerabilities for which a fix has been available for months.

This is the failure of Patch Management — the systematic process of identifying, testing, and deploying updates to all your systems and software. It’s often viewed as a mundane IT task, but in reality, it is the single most critical defense against modern cyberattacks.

Here’s what a truly robust patch management strategy looks like, and why neglecting it is an existential risk.

The Five Pillars of a Robust Patch Management Strategy

Patching isn’t just about clicking “update.” A professional strategy is a disciplined, cyclical process that minimizes risk while preserving business functionality.

1. Inventory and Discovery

You can’t fix what you can’t see. The first step is maintaining a meticulous inventory of all IT assets—hardware, operating systems, and every single third-party application and library, including version numbers. A robust strategy relies on a secure Configuration Baseline to know what a “healthy” system looks like, making it easier to spot outdated software.

2. Assess and Prioritize

Not every patch is equally urgent. Teams must triage the incoming flood of updates based on two factors:

• Severity: How critical is the vulnerability’s score (CVSS)? Actively exploited flaws (zero-days or highly publicized threats) jump to the top of the queue.
• Impact: Does the vulnerability affect a mission-critical, public-facing system? Patches for these systems get deployed before those for non-critical internal tools.

3. Test and Validate (The Non-Negotiable Step)

Many system failures are caused by patches that conflict with existing business applications. A robust strategy never deploys a patch directly to production.

• Sandboxing: Patches are first applied to a staging or QA environment that perfectly mirrors the production environment.
• Regression Testing: Standard operational workflows are run to ensure the patch doesn’t introduce new bugs or break existing functionality. Skipping this step is tempting but often leads to costly downtime.

4. Deploy and Verify

Deployment should be systematic and automated. For large organizations, this means using a Phased Rollout or Ring Deployment strategy—patching a small, non-critical group first, then a larger group, and finally the most critical assets. After deployment, specialized tools must verify that the patch was successfully applied and that the system reports the correct, updated version number.

5. Audit and Review

The final step is critical for compliance and internal knowledge. Patches must be monitored for unexpected side effects. Detailed records of successful and failed deployments must be kept, creating an Audit Trail that proves due diligence—a requirement for most compliance regimes.

The Existential Risks of Patch Management Failure

When the patch process breaks down, the risks escalate rapidly from minor inconvenience to catastrophic breach.

1. Guaranteed Security Breaches

This is the single biggest consequence. Most successful cyberattacks, including major ransomware incidents like WannaCry, exploit vulnerabilities that had been patched months or even years earlier. When a vendor releases a patch, they also effectively publish the blueprint for the attack. If you don’t apply the fix promptly, you leave a literal open door for automated scanners and attackers looking for an easy target.

2. Regulatory Fines and Compliance Nightmares

Failure to patch is a direct violation of several major compliance standards.

• PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) requires timely patching.
• HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) requires protecting patient data.

Failure to demonstrate a comprehensive patching history during an audit can result in multi-million dollar fines and public relations damage, far exceeding the cost of the actual patching process.

3. Crippling System Instability

Delaying patches often leads to dependency conflicts. When you finally try to apply multiple cumulative updates months later, the changes may conflict with new applications, custom code, or underlying OS files, causing crashes, instability, or even system-wide downtime. Furthermore, running outdated software means vendors may refuse to offer technical support, leaving your internal IT team to struggle with complex problems alone.

4. Expansion of the Attack Surface

Every unpatched component—from a minor third-party JavaScript library (OWASP A06: Vulnerable Components) to an outdated server OS—is an entry point. Once an attacker compromises one of these vulnerable systems, they use it as a foothold to spread the attack through Lateral Movement across your entire network.

By treating patch management as a disciplined, business-critical process rather than a sporadic IT chore, organizations dramatically reduce their attack surface and protect their core business functions.

If you’re building software today, your security strategy must start with the OWASP Top 10.

More than just a list of flaws, this document—published by the non-profit Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)—is the industry-standard consensus on the most critical security risks facing modern web applications. It’s the foundational blueprint that dictates where security resources are spent, how developers are trained, and how applications are tested.

Here is a breakdown of the vital role the OWASP Top 10 plays across the entire lifecycle of application development and security assurance.

1. Role in Secure Development (Shifting Left)

The most effective security is proactive. The Top 10 helps organizations achieve “Shift Left” security, meaning risks are addressed in the design and coding stages, long before deployment.

Guiding Design and Requirements

When a feature is designed, the Top 10 acts as a checklist to prevent systemic failure. A team conducting Threat Modeling (a technique to identify threats early in the lifecycle) will use the list as a prompt. For example, they’ll ask: “If we implement this user profile feature, what steps must we take to prevent Broken Access Control (A01)?”. This ensures security requirements are baked into the architecture, not bolted on as an afterthought.

Setting Secure Coding Standards

For developers, the list translates directly into mandatory coding practices:

• Injection (A03): Always use parameterized queries for database access.
• Cryptographic Failures (A02): Always use slow, modern hashing algorithms (like Argon2) for storing passwords.
• Insecure Design (A04): Requires developers to rely on security frameworks and vetted patterns rather than rolling their own, potentially insecure, logic.

By training teams on these 10 categories, companies ensure the most common and damaging flaws are prevented at the source.

2. Role in Security Testing and Assurance

Once the code is written, the OWASP Top 10 becomes the primary guide for verification and validation efforts. It tells security teams exactly what to look for and how to look for it.

Structuring Penetration Testing

A formal Penetration Test is rarely a random hunt for bugs; it’s a structured exercise. The Top 10 defines the scope and methodology for these tests. Testers methodically attempt to exploit vulnerabilities in each category—checking everything from session handling to error messages.

For example, a penetration tester will spend significant time confirming:

• Permissions are correctly validated on the server (testing A01).
• The application does not reveal internal system details via verbose error logging (testing A05 Security Misconfiguration).
• API endpoints cannot be tricked into calling internal network resources (A10 Server-Side Request Forgery).

Directing Automated Security Tools

Automated security scanners use the OWASP Top 10 as their core dictionary:

• SAST (Static Application Security Testing): These tools scan source code without executing it. They are programmed to flag code patterns that lead to risks like A06 (Vulnerable Components) by checking dependency versions, or to find insecure cryptographic functions.
• DAST (Dynamic Application Security Testing): These tools test the live, running application by actively sending malicious inputs. They specifically target flaws like Injection (A03) and Identification and Authentication Failures (A07) to verify that defensive coding is working in practice.

Communicating Risk

Finally, the Top 10 provides a universal language for risk reporting. When a vulnerability is found, classifying it as A09: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures immediately communicates the severity and scope of the flaw to developers, managers, and compliance teams, accelerating the remediation process.

Conclusion: The Non-Negotiable Baseline

The OWASP Top 10 is far more than a cautionary list; it is the non-negotiable security baseline for any organization building or maintaining web applications. Its role spans from the initial security design documentation to the final penetration test report, ensuring that teams focus on preventing the known threats that cause the most damage. If you can successfully mitigate the Top 10, you have built a robust and defensible application.

Does this give you a clearer picture of how essential this document is across the security ecosystem?

If you’ve ever signed up for a new app using “Log in with Google” or “Connect with Spotify,” you’ve used OAuth 2.0. This protocol is the backbone of modern delegated access, but its terminology can sometimes feel like alphabet soup.

To truly understand how OAuth works, you just need to focus on two main actors and their responsibilities: the Client (the app that wants access) and the Authorization Server (the trusted gatekeeper).

The Client: The Requesting Party

In the context of OAuth 2.0, the Client is simply the application, website, or service that needs to access a user’s data or functionality on another platform.

Think of the Client as a hotel guest who needs access to a specific room (the user’s protected data). The guest doesn’t own the room, but they need temporary, defined access.

Key Roles of the Client:

1. Initiates the Flow: The Client starts the entire process by sending the user to the Authorization Server. It identifies itself using a unique Client ID and specifies exactly what data it needs access to (the Scope).
2. Receives the Authorization Code: After the user approves the request, the Client receives a short-lived Authorization Code from the Authorization Server.
3. Trades for the Access Token: The Client securely exchanges this code for an Access Token. This exchange often involves a secret key (Client Secret) to prove the Client’s authenticity.
4. Makes API Calls: The Access Token is then attached to every subsequent request the Client makes to the Resource Server (the API that holds the actual data, like Google Drive or Facebook photos).

In short: The Client is the application responsible for starting the conversation, proving its identity to the server, and using the resulting token to get the job done.

The Authorization Server: The Trusted Gatekeeper

The Authorization Server (AS) is the heart of the OAuth system. Its entire existence is dedicated to verifying users and issuing secure, temporary credentials. It’s usually part of the identity provider (like Google, Microsoft, or your organization’s internal identity management system).

If the Client is the hotel guest, the Authorization Server is the front desk manager. It holds the master keys, knows the security policy, and decides which temporary keys to issue.

Key Roles of the Authorization Server:

1. Authenticates the User: The AS is responsible for prompting the user to log in (e.g., entering their username and password). Crucially, the Client never sees the user’s credentials.
2. Manages Consent: It asks the user for explicit Consent. This is the screen where you click “Allow” or “Deny” access to specific scopes (e.g., “Allow this app to see your email address”).
3. Issues Tokens: Upon successful authentication and user consent, the AS generates and issues the Access Token. This token is a digitally signed ticket that represents the user’s granted permissions.
4. Token Validation: When the Resource Server receives a request with an Access Token, it often communicates back with the AS to ensure the token is valid, hasn’t expired, and has the correct permissions (scopes).

In short: The Authorization Server is the highly trusted entity that handles all sensitive identity and permission-granting logic, protecting the user’s password from the third-party application.

The Power of Separation

The brilliance of OAuth 2.0 lies in this separation of duties:

• Authentication (Who you are) is handled exclusively by the Authorization Server.
• Authorization (What you can do) is defined by the Authorization Server and consumed by the Client.

This design ensures that your sensitive credentials never leave the hands of the primary identity provider, giving the Client only a limited, revocable key—the Access Token—to perform its specific tasks.

In the digital world, every application we build is a potential target. Yet, far too many development teams still treat security as an afterthought—a quick penetration test tacked onto the end of a project before launch. This reactive approach is inefficient, expensive, and frankly, dangerous.

The solution is the Secure Software Development Lifecycle (SSDLC), and it’s built on one simple, powerful idea: Shift Left.

The Problem with the Waterfall Model

Recall the traditional, sequential Waterfall Model. Security often shows up late, usually in the testing or validation phase.

When a critical design flaw is found late in the cycle, what happens? Development stalls, costs skyrocket, and the pressure to launch often leads to weak patches instead of true fixes. This is the definition of “bolting security on.”

The SSDLC and the “Shift Left” Philosophy

The SSDLC replaces the rigid, sequential approach with an iterative, cyclical one, much like the Agile methodology. In this model, security checks are performed continuously, shifting the responsibility for security from a single QA team member at the end of the project to every team member in every phase.

Security is a Feature, Not a Phase

In the SSDLC, security activities are integrated directly into your existing development sprints:

• Planning: Security requirements are defined alongside functional requirements (e.g., “All user data must be encrypted in transit and at rest”).
• Design: Threat Modeling is conducted to identify and mitigate design flaws before a single line of code is written.
• Implementation: Developers use Secure Coding Practices (Lecture 5!), such as input validation and parameterized queries.
• Testing: Automated tools (SAST, DAST) run continuously in the CI/CD pipeline to flag common vulnerabilities instantly.

Threat Modeling: The SSDLC Superpower

The most critical step in the “Shift Left” approach is Threat Modeling, performed during the Design phase. It forces you to think like an attacker by analyzing how data moves through your system.

How it Works (Using Data Flow Diagrams)

A common technique is the Data Flow Diagram (DFD). By mapping out where sensitive data is stored, processed, and transmitted, you can systematically analyze the risks.

For instance, when designing a simple checkout system, a DFD (like the one we drew) helps identify every point where a threat categorized under STRIDE (Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information Disclosure, Denial of Service, Elevation of Privilege) could occur.

• Risk Focus: When analyzing the flow of customer PII (personally identifiable information) into the database, you immediately ask: “How could an attacker achieve Information Disclosure here?” This leads you to enforce encryption and strong access controls.

The Business Case for Secure Development

Integrating the SSDLC isn’t just “doing the right thing”; it’s a sound business decision:

1. Reduced Costs: Fixing a bug in the requirements or design phase is up to 100 times cheaper than fixing it in production.
2. Faster Delivery: By finding and fixing vulnerabilities early and automatically, you prevent major security incidents that can halt deployments for weeks.
3. Customer Trust & Compliance: Strong security practices ensure you meet regulatory requirements (like GDPR or HIPAA) and maintain the trust of your users.

The takeaway is clear: Make security an integrated part of your development culture. Stop bolting it on, and start building it in.

Several years ago, I was being appraised for my teaching abilities. The head of the appraisal committee asked me as to which pedagogical framework I employed in my teaching. I was taken aback by the question as I was not prepared to be asked about this. It was not even in my remotest imaginations as to what a pedagogical framework was. Anyhow, I replied that I teach my students by asking a series of questions and getting answers from them, in a way that leads to the final message of the lesson. This is something akin to the Socratic method in teaching. But to be honest, I had never heard about the Socratic method by then. I searched a lot on the web to find out content related to pedagogical frameworks. But I failed to find anything meaningful or useful. A few days back I came across a nice resource on the subject matter. And I am only tagging it here for archival.

Pedagogical approaches to teaching in higher education – Caduceus International Publishing

Pedagogy is the method behind the art of teaching. It considers how students learn and uses that knowledge to develop philosophies, approaches, and techniques for the classroom. Not every teacher has a pedagogy. Especially at the college level, many educators don’t receive formal training in how to teach.

Capsule networks were recently invented by the godfather of deep learning, Professor Geoffrey Hinton. I have always found this new technology both interesting and intriguing. I gathered some valuable videos related to this new technology. These include some lectures as well as some lucid tutorials as well. Notable ideas worth understanding about capsule networks are how capsules work, as well as the dynamic routing using expectation maximization. Newer capsules based on auto-encoders are also nice. You might like these videos. Please leave a comment if you have something to say or if you find a better video.

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Dynamic Routing Between Capsules

Dynamic Routing Between Capsules

Geoffrey Hinton – Capsule Networks

Capsule networks: overview

Dynamic Routing Between Capsules

Introduction to Capsules by Sara Sabour, Google

Building a neural network FROM SCRATCH (no Tensorflow/Pytorch, just numpy & math)

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